Fahimtar Matsalolin Da Ke tattare da Sanya Waya a waje da kuma Yanayin da Ya Yi Tsanani

Tattara wayoyin lantarki a waje ko mawuyacin yanayi yana gabatar da jerin matsalolin muhalli waɗanda wuraren shigarwa ba sa fuskantar su. Daga sanyi na Arctic zuwa zafi na hamada, daga gishiri zuwa sinadarai masu haɗari, yanayin jiki da sinadarai yana tasiri kai tsaye kan aikin kebul, aminci, da rayuwar sabis. Rashin la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan yana haifar da lalacewar rufin wuri, lalata mai gudanarwa, gajerun hanyoyi, da haɗarin wuta. A mafi girma, mara kyau tsara waya a waje na iya lalata yanayin halittu masu mahimmanci, ɓarkewar kayan haɗari, da keta dokokin muhalli.

Wannan labarin ya fadada kan muhimman abubuwan muhalli - zafin jiki, danshi, hasken UV, fallasa sinadarai, da kuma kaya na inji, sannan ya binciki matakan kariya, bin dokoki, da kuma ayyukan kiyayewa. Ta hanyar magance wadannan abubuwa a cikin cikakken, masu shigarwa da manajan kayan aiki zasu iya tabbatar da amincin dogon lokaci yayin da suke rage tasirin muhalli.

Matsayin Yanayi na Zazzabi

Kyakkyawan sanyi yana rage sauƙin kebul kuma yana iya haifar da murƙushewa, musamman a cikin kebul na PVC. A cikin yanayin da ba shi da ƙarancin sifili, kebul na iya fashewa yayin jan ko a ƙarƙashin jijiya. Akasin haka, yanayin zafi mai yawa yana hanzarta oxidation na masu gudanarwa, sauƙaƙe rufin, da haɓaka haɗarin ɓarkewar zafi. Dokar Lantarki ta Kasa (NEC) Mataki na 310 (FLT: 1) tana buƙatar cewa a ƙayyade igiyoyi don matsakaicin zafin jiki na wurin shigarwa. Don aikace-aikacen waje, yawan zafin jiki na waje sun haɗa da 60 ° C, 75 ° C, da 90 ° C, tare da kebul na musamman na ƙananan zafin jiki (misali, ‐40 ° C ko ‐50 ° C) don yanayin sanyi.

Tashin zafi da raguwa suma suna matsawa haɗi da tsarin bututu. Copper yana faɗaɗa kusan 0.000017 a kowace digiri Celsius; a cikin tsayin ƙafa 100 tare da juyawa 50 ° C, canjin tsawon ya kusan inci ɗaya. Masu shigarwa dole ne su yi la'akari da madaukai na faɗaɗa ko haɗin mai sassauƙa don hana janyewa a ƙarshen ko ƙuƙwalwa a cikin bututu.

Rashin ruwa da kuma ruwa

Ruwa shine mafi yawan abokan gaba na wayoyin waje. Ruwan ruwa yana haifar da lalata na masu gudanar da tagulla, aikin galvanic a mahaɗin ƙarfe daban-daban, da rage juriya na rufi. A cikin aikace-aikacen binne kai tsaye, tef na toshe ruwa, igiyoyi masu cike da gel, da mahaɗan da aka rufe suna da mahimmanci. Tsarin Ingress Protection (IP) (FLT:1) (IEC 60529) yana ba da hanyar daidaitaccen tsari don ƙayyade kariya ta rufi: IP66 ko mafi girma ya dace da akwatunan mahaɗin waje da akwatunan janye. Ya kamata a yi wa igiyoyi gangara don fitarwa, kuma ana amfani da kayan faɗaɗa inda ruwa zai iya tarawa.

Don yankunan da ke da saurin ambaliyar ruwa ko ruwan sama mai yawa, masu haɗa ruwa na FLT: 0 tare da O-rings da glands na matsawa suna ba da tabbaci mai aminci. Tubu na ƙuntatawa mai zafi tare da liner mai mannewa yana haifar da shinge na dindindin a cikin ɓoye da ƙarewa. A yankunan bakin teku, ruwan gishiri yana hanzarta lalata har ma da ƙarfi; ana ba da shawarar kayan aikin bakin karfe ko kayan aikin aluminium na marine.

Hasken Ruwa da Rana

Hasken ultraviolet (UV) daga rana yana karya sarƙoƙin polymer a cikin jaket da yawa na kebul, yana haifar da fashewar farfajiya, canza launi, da kuma rashin daidaito na inji da lantarki. Jaket na PVC da polyethylene na yau da kullun na iya zama mai rauni bayan fewan shekaru kaɗan na haɗuwa.

Ko da tare da jaket ɗin da aka ƙayyade ta UV, lalacewar jiki tana haɗuwa. Kables kusa da farfajiyar farfajiyar (misali fararen rufi, dusar ƙanƙara) na iya fuskantar ƙaruwar maganin UV. Shanƙanin kariya ko kebul na ƙarfe (MC) na iya kare sassan da ke da rauni. Binciken yanayin jaket na yau da kullun duba yanayin jaket don hauka, chalking, ko asarar sassauƙaya zama ɓangare na kowane shirin kiyaye waje. NEMAs ka'idodin kebul na FLT:3]] suna ba da jagora kan hanzarta gwajin UV da rayuwar sabis da ake tsammani.

Halin da ake fama da shi a cikin sinadarai da kuma lalata

A cikin masana'antu da kuma noma, ana sanya wayoyi ga acid, alkalis, solvents, da kuma gas. Alal misali, wuraren kula da ruwan sharar gida suna fitar da hydrogen sulfide, wanda ke kai hari ga jan karfe da azurfa. Masana'antar sarrafa man fetur suna da hydrocarbons waɗanda ke taƙaita jaket na neoprene.

Fitar da gishiri a cikin yankunan bakin teku ko de-iceing gishiri wani babban mai laifi ne. Fitaccen kayan kwalliya na 316 bakin karfe, tagulla, ko nailan ya kamata ya zama misali. Duk ɓangarorin ƙarfe da aka fallasa. jikin mai gudana, akwati, kwantena na igiya ya kamata a rufa ko sanya su daga gami mai jure lalata. Galvanic corrosion [FLT: 3] yana faruwa lokacin da ƙarfe daban-daban ke hulɗa da su a gaban electrolyte; insulating bushings ko haɗin haɗin lantarki don raba jan ƙarfe da karfe.

Matsi na Wuta, Kankara, da Kuma Ruwa

Dole ne igiyoyin waje su jure wa nauyin iska, tarin kankara, rassan da ke faduwa, da tasirin motoci ko kayan aiki. Dole ne a yi girman igiyoyin sama don teburin tashin hankali da ake tsammani a cikin ]NEC Mataki 225 (Fitattun Rukunin Ruwa da Masu ciyarwa) ya ƙayyade ƙarancin ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfi. Loading kankara na iya ninka nauyin tasirin igiya da yawa; yi amfani da waya mai aika saƙo ko igiyoyin iska masu kai tsaye (misali, Figure- 8 cable) da aka ƙayyade don yankin kankara.

Don matsewa a karkashin ƙasa, zurfin binnewa yana da mahimmanci. Tebur na NEC 300.5 yana ba da mafi ƙarancin zurfin rufewa (misali, inci 24 don mazauna, inci 30 don kasuwanci). Dole ne hanyoyin su kasance masu ƙarfi don tsayayya da murkushewa daga ƙetare ƙasa ko tonowa ta hanyar haɗari.

Matakan Kāriya da Zaɓin Abubuwan da Za a Yi

Ka'idodin Zaɓin Kable don Muhalli Masu Rashin Halin

Zaɓin kebul na dama shine layin farko na kariya.

  • Matsayin zafin jiki: (FLT: 1) Ya dace da matsakaicin yanayin da zafin jiki na ciki. Don yanayin sanyi, yi amfani da igiyoyi tare da -40 ° C ko ƙananan yanayin sanyi.
  • juriya ga UV: Bincika jaket mai tsayayya da rana a saman ko a cikin rufin da aka fallasa.
  • Rashin ruwa: igiyoyi masu ruwa ko gel-cika don binne kai tsaye ko wuraren da ake ruwa.
  • Resistance: FLT:1]] Nau'in jaket (PVC, CPE, polyurethane, FEP) a kowace jerin sunayen sunadarai.
  • ƙarfin inji: Kayayyakin da aka saka (AC, BX, MC, ko ƙarfe mai laushi) suna tsayayya da tasiri da lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Tsarin Gudun Hanya da Tsarin Gasar Gida

Hanyoyi suna ba da kariya ta biyu ga danshi, UV, da lalacewar jiki.

  • PVC mai ƙarfi (Jadawalin 40 ko 80): Kyakkyawan juriya ta sinadarai da rashin jagora. Jadawalin 80 don ƙarfin haɗari mafi girma. Dole ne a tallafa shi yadda ya kamata don kauce wa lalacewa.
  • Rigid Metal Conduct (RMC) ko Intermediate Metal Conduct (IMC): Babban ƙarfi, amma mai saurin lalata sai dai idan an walƙiya ko mara bakin karfe. Ana amfani dashi a wuraren masana'antu.
  • Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT): mai haske, amma ba a ba da shawarar don binne kai tsaye ko wuraren lalata mai yawa. Yi amfani da shi kawai tare da kayan aiki da sealing masu dacewa.
  • FLT:0 Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduct (LFMC): Don haɗuwa da injuna ko kayan aiki waɗanda ke girgiza; yana amfani da ƙwayar ƙarfe mai ƙuƙwalwa tare da murfin PVC. An tsara shi don wuraren rigar.
  • Non-metallic Underground Conduct (NMC): Polyethylene ko PVC corrugated bututu don kai tsaye binne; sau da yawa a hade tare da pre-pulled masu gudanarwa.

Duk tsarin kwantena ya kamata a rufe su a wuraren haɗuwa don hana shigar da danshi. Yi amfani da kayan haɗin faɗaɗa FLT: 1 inda dogon gudu ke wucewa ta matsanancin zafin jiki don ɗaukar motsi na zafi.

Cikakkiyar Ƙararrawa da Masu Haɗa

Abubuwan da suka fi rauni a kowane tsarin waje sune haɗin kai da ƙare. Yi amfani da masu haɗa ruwa na FLT: 0 tare da hatimin O-ring da glandula na matsawa (misali, NEMA 4X). Don splices, bututun zafi mai ƙuntatawa tare da manne na ciki (wanda galibi ake kira dual-wall heat shrink) yana ba da madaidaicin, hatimi mai ƙarancin zafi wanda ke jure yanayin zafin jiki.

Akwatin haɗuwa da akwatunan janye dole ne su sami murfin da aka rufe da kuma kulle ko dunƙule masu tsayayya da lalata. Za a iya buƙatar ramuka na ruwa (tare da masu numfashi masu ɗaukar hoto) don ba da damar ɓarkewar haɗari. A wuraren haɗari (Kirsi na I, II, ko III), ana buƙatar seals masu ƙarancin fashewa bisa ga NEC Articles 500 zuwa 505.

Ka'idojin Kāre Kan Jiki da kuma Ka'idojin Ka'idoji

Yin tunani a kan hanyar da za a bi yana hana haɗari da aka sani:

  • Ka guji yankunan ambaliyar ruwa da kuma wuraren da ake ruwa: Kable na hanya sun fi matakan ruwa da ake tsammani ko kuma ka yi amfani da igiyoyi da masu haɗi da aka ƙayyade don nutsewa.
  • Ka guji rassan bishiyoyi da zasu iya shafawa ta'aziyya ko sauke kankara mai nauyi.
  • A cikin jerin abubuwan da aka rubuta a cikin NEC, an rubuta cewa: "A cikin jerin abubuwan da aka rubuta a cikin NEC, an rubuta cewa:
  • Cable goyon baya: Yi amfani da waya mai aikawa, kwandon waya, ko J-hooks tare da madauri masu tsayayya da UV. Guji matsawa da ke lalata jaket.
  • Lokacin da ke shiga cikin ginin, rufe shigarwa tare da wuta-tsayawa da kuma rufin ruwa.

Dokokin Muhalli da Ayyuka Mafi Kyawu

Dokokin da Dokokin da Suka Yi Amfani

Biye da Dokar Lantarki ta Kasa (NFPA 70) (FLT: 1) ya zama tilas a yawancin hukuma.

  • Mataki na 300 (Hanyoyin Wireing) Gabaɗaya buƙatu don buɗewa, kariya daga lalacewar jiki, da yanayin muhalli.
  • Mataki na 310 (Masu jagora) Tebur na Ampacity, ƙimar zafin jiki, da nau'ikan rufi.
  • Mataki na 352 (Rigid PVC Conduct) Bukatar shigar da PVC a wurare masu zafi.
  • Mataki na 358 (EMT) Ƙuntatawa akan amfani a waje da kariya daga lalata.
  • Mataki na 680 (Bishir, Spas, da Hot Tubs) Tsananin buƙatu don wuraren da aka yi ruwa a kusa da ruwa.

A duniya, IEC 60364 (FLT:1) (series) ya tsara shigarwar lantarki mai ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki, gami da zaɓin igiyoyi bisa ga tasirin waje. ISO 14001 tsarin kula da muhalli na iya taimaka wa kamfanoni su rage tasirin muhalli.

Ba da izini da kuma kimantawa ga tasirin muhalli

Manyan ayyukan wayoyin waje masana'antun hasken rana, turbinar iska, ƙananan tashoshi na iya buƙatar izinin muhalli. Masu shigarwa dole ne su bi da tsare-tsaren rigakafin gurɓatar ruwa na guguwa (SWPPP) (FLT: 1) idan lalata ƙasa damuwa ce.

Rashin zubar da ruwa don ruwan hawan ruwa ko lubricants na igiyoyi ma wani ɓangare ne na kyawawan ayyuka. Yi amfani da lubricants masu janyewa masu lalacewa (na ruwa, ba mai guba) don rage haɗari. Duk wani saki na haɗari ya kamata a bayar da rahoto bisa ga dokokin gida.

Zaɓuɓɓukan Abubuwan da Za a Yi da Kuma Kashe su

Zaɓin kayan da ke da ƙananan tasirin muhalli yana ba da gudummawa ga dorewa.

  • Aluminum da aka sake amfani dashi don katunan igiyoyi ko bututu (mai haske fiye da karfe, mai tsayayya da lalata).
  • PVC ba tare da gubar ba ko igiyoyin halogen ba (LSZH) don rage hayaki mai guba da kuma batun kawar da su.
  • Kables na hasken rana wanda ya dace da RoHS kuma yana amfani da polyethylene mai haɗuwa (XLPE) don rage tasirin carbon idan aka kwatanta da sauran mahadi.
  • Take-back shirye-shirye daga masana'antun for scrap igiya da kuma bututu.

Lokacin maye gurbin tsoffin wayoyi, kawar da PVC da ƙarfe ta hanyar masu sake amfani da lasisi. Darajar dawo da jan ƙarfe ta daidaita farashin kawar. Bi umarnin Dokar Kare da Sake dawo da Kayayyaki ta EPA (RCRA) don duk wani sharar gida mai haɗari (misali, igiyoyi tare da jaket na ƙarfe mai nauyi).

Kulawa da Duba na Dā

Takaddun Sakatarwa na Lokaci

Rashin tsabtace muhalli yana da haɗari.

  • FLT:0] Binciken gani na jaket don tsagewa, canza launi, ko gogewa. Yi amfani da mai girma a wuraren da ake zargi.
  • FLT:0 Ƙididdigar juriya na rufi tare da megohmmeter (misali, 500 V don 600 V na kebul). Rubuta ƙimar tushe da yanayin.
  • Hot imaging na haɗi da splices don gano wuraren zafi daga ƙaruwar juriya saboda lalata.
  • Gwajiyar rufewa da kuma toshewa na bututu don samun kwarara ko lalata.
  • A cikin wannan yanayin, za a iya amfani da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'

Kula da Lalacewar Muhalli

Shigar da na'urori masu lura da danshi a cikin akwatunan jan ƙasa ko a wuraren da ke da saurin ambaliya. Masu yin rajistar zafin jiki da danshi na iya faɗakar da manajan cibiyar lokacin da yanayi ya wuce zangon da aka ƙayyade na kebul. A wurare masu nisa, saka idanu na IoT na zafin jiki da nauyin yanzu na FLT na iya hango hasashen gazawar kafin su faru.

Bayyana duk binciken da aka samu kuma kwatanta shi da bayanan tarihi. Rashin raguwa na kwantar da hankali na iya nuna shigar ruwa; aiki nan take yana hana lalacewar bala'i. Ka'idodin masana'antu (misali, IEEE 43-2013) sun ba da shawarar ƙaramar juriya ta kwantar da hankali na 1 MΩ a kowace 1000 V na ƙarfin lantarki, kodayake ƙimar ƙasa da 10 MΩ don ƙananan cajin ƙarfin lantarki suna ba da damar bincike.

Ayyukan Gyara

Idan aka gano lalacewa, zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da:

  • Shan rigakafin gyaran zafi don lalacewar jaket na gida.
  • Sashe na maye gurbin don kebul mai lalata ko fashewa.
  • Sake ƙarfafa haɗin da ƙara haɗin anti-lalata (misali, NO-OX-ID).
  • Sanya ƙarin murfin kariya ga UV (misali, hannayen igiya) a kan hanyoyin da aka fallasa.
  • Yin sauya wayoyi daga wuraren zubar da sinadarai ko wuraren tara ruwa.

Koyaushe rubuta gyare-gyare tare da hotuna da sake duba zane-zane kamar yadda aka gina. Dole ne sake sake tabbatar da tsarin wayoyin waje na waje ya zama wani ɓangare na shirin lafiyar lantarki na gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar da NFPA 70B (Tsaron Kayan Wutar Lantarki) .

Ƙarshen

Tattara wayoyi a waje ko a cikin mawuyacin yanayi yana buƙatar fiye da kawai daidaitaccen fasahar shigarwa. Matsayi mai zafi, danshi, hasken UV, harin sinadarai, da matsin lamba na inji kowane yana buƙatar rage hankali ta hanyar zaɓin igiyoyi, hanyoyin, sealing, routing, da kuma ci gaba da kiyayewa. Dokokin muhalli suna ƙara tilasta masu shigarwa su tsara don dorewa, sarrafa lalata, da kawar da alhakin.

Ta hanyar haɗa waɗannan la'akari a cikin kowane mataki na zane, sayen kayan, shigarwa, da aiki, masu fasaha da injiniyoyi suna tabbatar da cewa tsarin waya na waje ya kasance mai aminci, abin dogaro, da kuma kula da muhalli har tsawon shekaru.