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Fahimtar Yadda Za a Yi amfani da Kayayyakin Kayayyaki da Yawa
Lokacin da ake jawo wayoyi da yawa tare ta hanyar madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin mada
Babban mahimmin abu shine iyakokin cika kwantena na Dokar Lantarki ta Kasa (NEC). Cika kwantena ba kawai yana sa janyewa ba amma har ma yana haifar da haɗarin wuce gona da iri na masu gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin nauyi saboda rage yawan zafi. Tsarin da ya dace dole ne ya yi la'akari da girman kebul, nau'in rufi, yawan lankwasawa, da kuma ƙimar ƙarfin da ake buƙata don fiye da masu gudanar da yanzu uku a cikin hanyar tsere (NEC Tebur 310.15 ((C) 1)).
Shirya da Kuma Shirya a Gaban Tashi
Successful Multiple ja farawa dogon kafin da kebul na reel da aka unwrapped. Pre-pull shiryawa ne tushen da cewa hana wasted aiki da lalace kayan. Fara da wani cikakken hanya binciken da ke wucewa blueprint girma. Yi tafiya a cikin dukan gudu, lura da kowane lankwasawa, mahaɗin akwatin, jawo akwatin, shãmaki, da kuma yiwuwar snag maki kamar fallasa bututu zaren ko kaifi gefuna. Auna ainihin nisa ba kawai blueprint tsawon domin a umarci daidai da kebul footage da 1015% slack ga terminations da kuma nan gaba sake aiki.
Conduit Cike da kuma Cable Selection
Lissafi na cika kwantena ta hanyar teburin NEC babi na 9. Don igiyoyi da yawa, yawan cika ba zai wuce 40% ba don fiye da masu gudanarwa biyu, kuma don fiye da masu gudanarwa biyu, matsakaicin cika ya kai 40% na yankin ratsi na kwantena. Yi amfani da igiyoyi tare da ƙarfin jan hankali mai kyau da kuma ƙimar jaket mai dacewa misali, THHN / THWN-2 don wuraren rigar ko XHHW-2 don yanayin zafi mai yawa. Don dogon lokaci ko rikitarwa, la'akari da igiyoyi tare da yarn aramid ko fiberglass-ƙarfafa ƙarfin ƙarfi don sarrafa ƙarfin jan hankali ba tare da mai gudanarwa ba a tsawaita ko ƙulla wuyansa. Lokacin da aka haɗa nau'ikan igiyoyi, koyaushe bincika takardun bayanai na masana'anta don jan hankali, yawanci a cikin fam-ƙasa (lbf) ko newtons. Dokar yatsan hannu ta musamman don masu gudanar da jan ƙarfe ita ce 0.008 mil na yanki mai zagaye, amma tabbatar da takamaiman kebul.
Binciken Kayan Aiki da Kayan Aiki
Haɗa cikakken kayan janyewa wanda aka tsara don nau'ikan igiyoyi da tsawon janyewa. Abubuwan da suka dace sun haɗa da: ja da igiyoyi (nau'ikan raga ko rarraba don igiyoyi da yawa), jujjuyawar nauyi don hana jujjuyawar igiyoyi daga layin janyewa, tef ɗin kifi ko igiyoyin janyewa (yi amfani da igiyar da ba ta da isar da bayanai), masu janyewa na hannu ko na lantarki tare da sarrafa saurin canzawa, masu ƙididdigar motsi don saka idanu, da wadatar wadatar kayan shafawa da aka amince da su. Tabbatar da cewa duk kayan aikin an ƙayyade su don nau'in igiya da tsawon janyewa. Misali, mai shafawa na igiya mai jituwa da kayan jaket yana hana kumbura ko lalatawa.
Tsarin Bayanai da Labaran Labarai
Ƙirƙiri jadawalin kebul mai zurfi wanda ke ba da takamaiman masu ganowa (misali, "CBL-01" zuwa "CBL-12"), yana nuna farawa da ƙarshen maki, nau'in kebul, da duk wasu buƙatun sarrafawa na musamman. Kafin lakabi kowane kebul tare da alamomi masu ɗorewa a ƙarshen biyu kafin cirewa yi amfani da alamun ƙarancin zafi ko ɓoyewar UV don gudu a waje. Wannan matakin yana adana awanni na gyara matsala daga baya. Hakanan shirya jerin cirewa: waɗanne kebul ne ke tafiya da farko, waɗanda ke buƙatar a rarraba su don rage ƙetarewa, da kuma inda za a haɗa riƙewar cirewa. Don jan layi, sanya alama ga kebul ɗin tare da faifan tef masu launi a cikin lokaci don taimakawa gano kowane kebul bayan an kammala jan.
Hanyoyi na Muhimmanci don Gudanar da Ƙarin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ
An gwada hanyoyin da ke gaba don rage rigakafi, hana lalacewar igiya, da kuma kiyaye janyewa da yawa a ƙarƙashin iko. Kowane hanya ya kamata a daidaita shi da yanayin wurin da aka ƙayyade, nau'in igiya, da kuma tsarin tashar.
Tsarin Gudanar da Man shafawa da Ya Dace
Lubrication shine hanya mafi inganci don rage tashin hankali na ja sau da yawa da 50% ko fiye. Don janyewa da yawa, yi amfani da lubricant mai tushen ruwa ko mai amfani da polymer wanda ke bushewa zuwa fim mai zamewa ba tare da barin ragowar mannewa da ke jan datti ba. Aiwatar da lubricant ci gaba da amfani da lubricant yayin da wayoyi ke shiga cikin bututu: ko dai ta hanyar swabbing da hannu ta amfani da soso ko goga, ko ta amfani da tsarin allura mai lubricant wanda ke tura lubricant ta hanyar bututu a gaban wayoyi. Kada ku dogara da lubricant kadai; saka idanu kan tashin hankali tare da mai matattarar wuta. Lokacin da kuke janyewa da yawa igiyoyi, lubricate kowane igiya daban-daban kafin su haɗu cikin bututu don tabbatar da ɗaukar hoto. Over lubrication na iya haifar da igiyoyi su zamewa da juna ba tare da alamar ba, yana haifar da jams da kuma sarrafawa a cikin aikace-aikacen. Koyaushe mai amfani da mai tsabta mai tsabta mai tsabta da mai tsabta mai tsabta mai tsabta zai iya amfani da
Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ
Shawarwarin cire igiyoyi daya a lokaci daya ko duka a lokaci guda ya dogara da tsawon bututun, ƙarfin aiki da ke akwai, da haƙurin haɗari. Tashi mai daidaituwa ya haɗa da shigar da kebul guda ɗaya ko ƙaramin madauri, sannan amfani da wannan kebul azaman layin jawo wayoyi na gaba. Wannan hanyar tana rage tashin hankali na farko saboda kebul na farko yana da nauyi da kuma jujjuyawar. Duk da haka, jimlar lokacin jan hankali yana ƙaruwa sosai, kuma kowane jan aiki na gaba zai iya ɗaukar igiyoyi da aka riga aka shigar.
Gudanar da Cable da Rarraba a cikin Conduct
Lokacin da ake jan wayoyi da yawa ta hanyar madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaida
Yin Amfani da Ƙunƙun Ƙunƙun Ƙunƙun Ƙunƙun Ƙunƙun Ƙunƙun Ƙunƙun Ƙunƙun
Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙuƙ
Yin Amfani da Kayan Gyara da Kayan Gyara
A cikin dogon gudu ko lokacin wucewa ta cikin akwatunan janye, yi amfani da rollers ko sheaves don rage matsin lamba da gogewar bangon gefe. Sanya rollers a ƙofar tashar da fita, a kowane lankwasa, da kuma a cikin akwatunan janye. Don rami na ƙasa, yi amfani da rollers na kebul wanda ke tallafawa igiyoyi kuma ya jagorance su cikin kusurwa. Wannan yana rage haɗarin ɓarkewar jaket kuma yana ba da damar igiyar janyewa ta gudana da yardar kaina. Don janyewar tsayi, yi amfani da sheaves a saman don sake tura layin janyewa da rage nauyin gefen a kan igiyoyi. Koyaushe tabbatar da rollers don kauce wa yin tip ko motsawa yayin janyewa.
Kulawa da Kula da Ƙarfafawa
Yawan jan jan hankali shine babban dalilin lalacewar rufi. Yi amfani da mai karfin wuta (ƙimar jan hankali) a cikin layi tsakanin igiyar jan hankali da igiyar waya ko dai a cikin ma'aunin spring gauge ko kuma a cikin tantanin kaya na lantarki tare da karatun dijital. Saita iyakar ƙarfin ƙarfin jiki bisa ga mafi rauni na igiyar. Biye da mai kera igiyar waya s iyakar ƙarfin jan hankali yawanci sau 0.001 na yanki mil na zagaye na mai kwararar tagulla, amma koyaushe bincika takamaiman bayani. Don wayoyi da yawa, ƙarfin yana rarraba daidai ba; mai karfin wuta yana nuna ƙarfin lantarki gaba ɗaya, amma dole ne ku lissafa ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki ta hanyar raba ƙarfin ta hanyar yawan igiyoyi idan sun kasance daidai amma a cikin gajeren lokaci, ƙarfin da aka haɗa da layin jan hankali ya fi ƙarfinsa. Lokacin da amfani da mai daidaitawa-ƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙanƙ
Amfani da Akwatin da Ƙunƙun Ƙunƙun Ƙunƙun
A cikin dogon ko kuma masu yawa-taurin gudu, shigar da akwatunan jan a cikin tsayi ba fiye da mita 100 don manyan hanyoyin ba, ko bisa ga NEC 352.44 don tsayayyen hanyoyin PVC. akwatunan jan suna ba ka damar karya jan zuwa sassan sarrafawa, sake lubricate, da sake daidaita igiyoyi. Don ramuka a cikin wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yi amfani da pulleys ko rollers a wuraren shigarwa da fita don rage matsin bangon gefe. Lokacin da kake jan wayoyi da yawa ta hanyar akwatin jan, shirya su don kauce wa tsauraran layin.
Ƙalubalen da Ake Shafawa da Yadda Ake Warware Matsaloli
Ko da idan aka yi shiri sosai, za a iya samun matsaloli a hanyoyi da yawa.
Yadda Za a Yi Saurin Sanya Kabla
Lokacin da wayoyi da yawa suka haɗu a cikin karkace, zasu iya ƙirƙirar "ƙofar tsuntsu" wanda ke toshe ƙarin motsi. Don hana wannan, yi amfani da masu cirewa masu cirewa kuma tabbatar da cewa an shafa igiyoyi daidai. Idan akwai matsala, kada ku motsa layin jawo wannan na iya lalata igiyoyi. Maimakon haka, sakin tashin hankali a hankali, baya da kullun kaɗan, sake shafawa, kuma sake gwadawa a cikin saurin jinkiri. Idan jam ya ci gaba, buɗe akwatin jawo mafi kusa ko shigar da sabon don sauƙaƙe hayaniya.
Ƙarƙashin Jaket da Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin
Kusan iyakoki a kan ƙarshen bututu, zaren da aka karya, ko burrs na ciki na iya yanke jaket ɗin igiya. Koyaushe a tsabtace ƙarshen bututun kafin a cire shi. Yi amfani da bushings na filastik ko hannayen kariya a wuraren shigarwa. Bayan cirewa, bincika igiyoyi a gani duk wani yanke ko abrasions da ke bayyane fiye da 10% na kaurin ganuwar jaket ɗin maye gurbin garanti.
Ƙarfin da ke tattare da yawan ƙarfin da ke jawowa
Ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki zai iya tsawaita masu gudanarwa, rage ƙetare, da haifar da wuraren zafi. Yi amfani da mai amfani da ƙarfin lantarki kuma kada ka wuce 80% na ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki. Idan ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin yana da gajere amma mai girma, bincika igiyoyi tare da mita Milliohm don gano ƙaruwar juriya wanda ke nuna lalacewar mai gudanarwa.
Abubuwan da Za a Yi Game da Tsaro Sa'ad da Ake Fitar da Mutane da Yawa
Dole ne a haɗa aminci a cikin kowane mataki na tsarin janyewa. Fara da nazarin haɗarin aiki (JHA) na musamman ga wurin janyewa. Gano haɗarin lantarki kulle kuma ku sanya alama a duk hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ko da ma'anar da ke cikin kewayawa, saboda haɗari da haɗari da mai ciyar da wutar lantarki zai iya zama mai mutuwa. Bi OSHA 1910.269 don samar da wutar lantarki da aikin rarraba. Sanya kayan PPE masu dacewa: safofin hannu masu jurewa (ANSI A4 ko mafi girma), tabarau na aminci tare da garkuwar gefen gefe, hatsi masu ƙarfi, da takalma na ƙarfe. Lokacin amfani da masu janyewa, kiyaye kayan haɗi da tufafi daga sassa masu motsi; yi amfani da mai janyewar zafi tare da kula da ƙafa don sarrafa ƙafa don mai aiki ya iya dakatar da nan take. Kafa sigina masu kyau ko na'urori biyu na rediyo tsakanin kayan haɗin ƙarshen janyewa da ƙarshen ciyar, tare da jagorar jagora mai ƙarfi. Kada ku taɓa barin umarnin tsaro ba tare da garkuwar gefe ba; a ƙarshe, cire kayan aiki na lantarki da kayan
Tabbatar da Bayan-Tara da kuma Cable Integrity
Bayan an kammala janyewa, kar a ɗauka cewa igiyoyi ba su da lahani. Yi gwajin juriya na rufi (Megger) akan dukkan masu gudanar da wutar lantarki a 5001000 V DC a kowane ƙayyadaddun masana'antar kebul; karatun ya kamata ya zama aƙalla 20100 megohms dangane da ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki. Don igiyoyin bayanai masu mahimmanci, kuma gudanar da gwajin ci gaba da tsawon nau'i-nau'i ta amfani da mai ɗaukar lokaci (TDR) don gano buɗewa, gajere, ko canje-canje a hanawa. Binciken gani na igiyar waya don tabbatar da ƙarancin radius bai keta doka ba yawanci sau 10 na diamita na waje na igiyar wutar lantarki don igiyoyin wutar lantarki, amma bincika bayanan masana'anta. Idan kowane igiyar ke nuna alamun shigarwa, kwancewa, ko "ƙuntata", sauya shi kafin ƙarewar ƙarshe. Tabbatar da wuraren da aka yi amfani da igiyar waya, gajerun gwaji, da kuma sabunta jadawalin don tabbatar da cewa ba a keta radius na ƙarshe ba yawanci sau 10 na igiyar waje don igiyar wutar lantarki
Ƙarshen
Gudanar da janyewa da yawa a cikin shigarwar wayoyi masu rikitarwa fasaha ce da ke haɗuwa da shiri mai kyau, kayan aikin da suka dace, da aiwatar da horo. Daga lissafin pre-pull da dabarun lubrication zuwa saka idanu kan tashin hankali da gwajin post-pull, kowane mataki yana ba da gudummawa ga nasarar shigarwa wanda ya tsaya gwajin lokaci da lambar. Ta hanyar ɗaukar waɗannan dabaru da horar da ma'aikatan ku don amfani da su koyaushe kuna rage lalacewar kebul, guje wa sake aiki mai tsada, da kiyaye ayyukan akan jadawalin. Ko kuna janye kebul na iko da yawa ta hanyar kwamitin masana'antu ko kuma hanyoyin ciyarwa ta hanyar babban riser, sarrafawa da yawa dabaru ƙwarewa ce da ke bayyana aikin lantarki na ƙwararru kuma tana tabbatar da ƙimar ƙwarewa na shekaru da yawa. Don ƙarin karatu da kiyayewa tare da ingantattun ayyuka, ingantaccen aiki don jagororin NFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLT