Table of Contents
Gidauniyar: Shirye-shiryen da kuma Bayyanawa
Babban igiya mai jan waya a cikin gine-ginen kasuwanci yana buƙatar fiye da ƙarfin ƙarfi. Yana buƙatar kulawa mai kyau wanda ya fara da daɗewa kafin mai gudanarwa guda ɗaya ya shiga cikin bututu. Mataki na farko shine cikakken binciken wurin. Yi tafiya a kowane hanyar da aka ba da shawarar daga ɗakunan lantarki zuwa wuraren rarrabawa tare da lura da cikas kamar bututu na yanzu, katako na tsarin, ko ƙwanƙwasa wuta. Takaddun tsayin tsayi, yawan lankwasawa, da sararin aiki a wuraren jawowa da kuma bangarorin ƙare. Wannan binciken kan ƙasa yana ba da albarkatun ƙasa don yin lissafin jawowa da gano haɗari kamar gefuna masu kaifi ko ɓarkewar bututu.
Ƙayyadaddun igiyoyi da yawa
Yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar ƙira don tabbatar da nau'ikan igiyoyi, ƙimar rufi (THHN, XHHW, da sauransu), da girman mai gudanarwa. Tabbatar da ƙididdiga don kowane kewaya, gami da masu gudanarwa na yau da kullun don amfani na gaba. Kayan aiki masu yawa ko ƙarancin ƙimar cikawa suna haifar da matsanancin tashin hankali da lalacewar rufi. Sanya teburin Dokar lantarki ta ƙasa (NEC) don cika tashar jiragen ruwa.
Yin aiki tare da Sauran Kasuwanci
Jirgin waya yana faruwa da wuya a ware. Aiki tare da masu kwangila na inji, bututun ruwa, da masu aikin kare gobara don tabbatar da cewa an shigar da kwantena da kwantena na igiya da kuma samun damar shiga. Jirgin jirgi na jadawalin bayan an kammala kayan aikin sama amma kafin rufin rufi ko bushewar bushewa ya rufe damar shiga. Rashin ƙarfin haɗin kai yana sake aiki ko yin hadari ga tallafin igiya. Kafa hanyar sadarwa kowace rana yana haɗuwa ko raba jadawalin aikin don daidaita lokaci da warware rikice-rikice kafin su jinkirta janye. Bugu da ƙari, aiki tare da babban kwangila don tabbatar da wuraren laydown don reels na igiya da kuma saitin kayan saitin; yankunan saitin da ke daɗaɗɗen suna jinkirta aiki da haifar da haɗarin tuntuɓe.
Matsayin Ƙungiya da Sadarwa
Ka sanya ayyuka masu kyau kafin ka fara motsawa: jagora mai janyewa, mai ciyarwa, mai janyewa a cikin abin hawa, da mai lura da tsaro. Jagoran janyewa yana kula da sadarwa, yawanci tare da rediyo na biyu, kuma yana ba da umarnin farawa / tsayawa. Duk membobin ƙungiyar ya kamata su fahimci saitin gudu, iyakar ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki, da hanyoyin dakatar da gaggawa. Bayyana wa ƙungiyar kowace safiya a kan shirin janyewar rana, gami da abubuwan da ake tsammani da wurin akwatunan janyewar matsakaici. Wannan tsarin yana hana rikicewa lokacin da amo ko nisa ke sa umarnin magana ba su da tabbaci.
Yadda Za a Tsara Hanyar Fitarwa
A tsara tsara jan hanya rage friction, matsa lamba a kan wayoyi, da kuma hadarin lalacewa. Hanyar shiryawa ya kamata ya fi son madaidaiciya gudu tare da mafi ƙarancin bends kamar yadda zai yiwu. Inda bends ne ba makawa, tabbatar da radius gana NEC myami 10 sau da na USB diamita ga mutum direbobi da 12 zuwa 16 sau ga multiconductor wayoyi. Yi amfani da jan akwatuna ko junction akwatuna a wuraren da dubawa gudu ya fi 100 feet ko dauke da fiye da 180 digiri na total bend (huɗu da hudu-quarter bends). Wadannan akwatuna matsayi ma yi aiki a matsayin matsakaici jan maki da rage tashin hankali.
Cire Cike da kuma Karkatar da Radius
Lissafi cikawa ta hanyar amfani da ainihin yankunan ratsawa na igiyoyi (ciki har da rufi) maimakon diamita na asali. Don manyan igiyoyi masu jan waya, musamman tare da hanyoyi masu yawa na layi, koda ƙananan cikawa na iya haɓaka shafawa da lalata ampsity. Yi amfani da kalkuleta mai cikawa na FLT:0 don tabbatar da ƙarfin. Lokacin lankwasawa, yi amfani da takalma wanda ya dace da radius da ake buƙata tare da takalma mai gajeren takalma yana haifar da ƙwanƙwasawa wanda ke damun igiyoyi a tsakiyar jawowa. Don lankwasawa, koyaushe bincika diamita na ciki tare da ƙwallon ko mandrel bayan lankwasawa don tabbatar da babu ƙuntatawa.
Yin Lissafi
Tsinkaya jan tashin hankali hana overstressing na'urori masu gudanarwa. Yi amfani da dabara: T = L × W × f × C (tsawon ya yi daidai da tsawon sau nauyi a ƙafa sau ma'auni na tsatsa sau ma'auni don lankwasawa). Don amfani da filin aiki, dogara da software ko teburin masana'anta. Yawancin masu sakawa suna ɗaukar jan tashin hankali a 10,000 psi don masu gudanar da tagulla da ƙananan don aluminum ko igiyoyi masu laushi. Matsi na bangon waya akan igiyoyi da ke wucewa ta hanyar sheaves ko ta hanyar lankwasawa dole ne ya kasance a ƙarƙashin iyakar masana'anta yawanci 300 zuwa 500 lbs a kowane ƙafa na radius.
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Don gudu fiye da ƙafa 200, tsara wuraren jawo na tsakiya kwalaye masu haɗuwa da aka saka a kan ruwa ko ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. A waɗannan wuraren, za a iya daidaita igiyoyi, sake amfani da lubricant, da kuma sakin tashin hankali a cikin matakai. Hakanan suna ba da damar ƙara gajerun matakan igiya a lokaci guda, rage ƙarfin da ake buƙata da haɗarin yin tawaye.
Kayan Aiki, Kayan Aiki, da Kuma Mai
Zaɓin kayan aikin da suka dace na iya yin ko karya janyewar da ta fi girma. Babban kayan aiki ya haɗa da janyewar janyewa (nau'in kwandon-nau'in ko rarraba-mesh), janyewar igiyoyi (polyester ko polypropylene tare da ƙarfin karya mai dacewa), tef ko sanduna na kamun kifi, da kuma winches ko masu janyewa masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka daidaita don ɗaukar nauyin da ake tsammani. Koyaushe bincika kayan aiki kafin amfani: slips na hannun riga da aka lalace, ragowar da aka fasa, da kuma winches marasa daidaitawa suna amfani da ƙarfi mara kyau. Yi amfani da juyawa tsakanin igiya da riƙewa don hana juyawa wanda ya fassara zuwa igiya. Don manyan masu gudanarwa, yi la'akari da amfani da kai tsaye da keɓaɓɓen kai wanda ke haɗe kai tsaye zuwa igiyoyin janyewar jagora maimakon mai gudanarwa, wanda ke rage haɗarin jacket.
Zaɓin Winch da Puller
Zaɓi winch tare da ƙarfin jan hankali aƙalla sau 1.5 na ƙididdigar ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin don samar da iyakar aminci. Dandalin motsi masu saurin canji suna da mahimmanci don farawa da tsayawa masu sarrafawa. Don gudu sama da ƙafa 500, winch na capstan ko mai jan ruwa yana ba da damar jan hankali ba tare da buƙatar tsayawa da sake jujjuya igiya ba. Haɗa winch tare da ma'aunin ƙarfin ƙarfin da ke ba da karatun lokaci na ainihi; wasu raka'a kuma suna yin rikodin bayanai don tabbatar da ingancin rikodin. Koyaushe gwada tsarin braking winchs kafin fara jan hankali, musamman a kan matakai masu gangare inda gazawar zai iya ba da damar kebul ɗin ya sake juyawa ba tare da iko ba.
Zaɓin da Kuma Aiwatar da Mai shafawa
Lubricants rage friction tsakanin kebul da bututu, kai tsaye rage jan jan tashin hankali. Zabi mai lubricant jituwa da na'urar da ke cikin katako na katako. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) igiyoyi yarda da misali ruwa-tushen lubricants, yayin da polyethylene (PE) ko musamman jackets bukatar musamman formulations. Apply lubricant karimci a kai karshen da kuma a kowane jan batu. ga dogon tafiye-tafiye, la'akari da pre-lubricated cable ko atomatik lubricant injectors. Lissafi lubricant girma bisa ga bututu ciki diamita da gudu tsawon don jan kafin bushewa kafin kammala da na'urar. A mai kyau mulkin yatsa ne 1 gallon na lubricant da 100 feet na 4-inch duvet, daidaita ga zafin jiki da kuma zafi na yanayi. Don tsaye jan, yi amfani da thixotropic lubricants cewa jingina zuwa da kebul da kuma kada drip.
Kayan Kariya da Kuma Shirye-shiryen Yanki
Dole ne ƙungiyoyin jan waya su sa kayan kariya na mutum: hatutu masu ƙarfi, tabarau na aminci, safofin hannu, da jaket masu gani mai ƙarfi. A cikin ƙananan wurare ko kusa da kayan aiki na rayuwa, yi amfani da tufafi da ganuwa da garkuwa. Kula da mai kashe wuta na musamman a wurin janyewa lubricants da igiyoyi na iya ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin jujjuyawar idan akwai tarkace. Tabbatar da cewa duk membobin ƙungiyar sun san wuraren tsayawa na gaggawa da hanyoyin don winch ko janyewa. Bayan haka, a saka alamun tsaro na yau da kullun kafin kowane janyewa don ƙarfafa wayar da kan jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, a sanya alamar hanyar janyewa tare da cones ko tef don kiyaye masu kallo a fili, da bincika duk wuraren rigging don amincin tsari kafin haɗa katako ko shinge.
Ayyuka Mafi Kyawu na Aikin
A ranar janyewa, sarkar umarni mai tsabta tana hana sadarwa ta rikici. Ka sanya mai turawa a ƙarshen ciyarwa da mai jan jagora a cikin winch. Yi amfani da rediyo na biyu ko siginar hannu; amo a wurin aiki sau da yawa yana ɓarke muryoyi. Farawa mai daidaitawataƙaice, a hankali, da daidaita tsakanin ciyarwa da janyeyakan haɗuwa da igiyar waya. Aiwatar da ƙarfin farawa a hankali don barin igiyar waya ta zauna a cikin bututun kafin ta hanzarta zuwa daidaitattun gudu (yawanci 15 zuwa 30 ƙafa a minti ɗaya don manyan masu gudanarwa). Idan igiyar ta fara juyawa ko yin rawar jiki, sauƙaƙe saurin nan da nan kuma bincika don yiwuwar yin tuntuɓe ko ɓarkewar da aka kama.
Yadda Za a Yi amfani da Hanyar Fitar da Yanayin da Ya Sace
Don dogon ko babban-friction jan, la'akari da karya jan a sassa ta amfani da pre-shirya matsakaici maki. Yi amfani da snatch tubalan ko sheaves a kowane canji na shugabanci don rarraba gefen bango matsa lamba da kuma hana da kebul abrasion da dubawa gefuna. Ka guji janyewa mahara igiyoyi daban-daban na diamita a cikin guda jan idan zai yiwurashin daidaito iya sa karami igiya ta matsa kusa da mafi girma daya, samar da wani "capstan sakamako" cewa jams gudu. Idan ana amfani da multiconductor igiya, tabbatar da janyewa da kebul an haɗa da igiya da ƙarfi membobin, ba kawai jaket. Don m-dubawa, yi amfani da janyewa crible ko mai raba don kiyaye conductors daidaita da kuma hana crossovers.
Yadda Za Ka Bi da Matsaloli da Za su Iya Kawo Maka Tsayawa
Don janyewa fiye da ƙafa 500, yi la'akari da amfani da katako na kebul ko matattarar reel tare da tsarin birki don sarrafa saurin ciyarwa. Haɗa mai janyewa tare da mai auna tashin hankaliko dai a layi ko haɗe da winch don saka idanu a cikin ainihin lokacin. Idan tashin hankali ya wuce 80% na matsakaicin da aka ƙidaya, tsaya kuma bincika. Dalilai na gaggawa na tashin hankali mai girma ba zato ba tsammani sun haɗa da ɓarnar ruwa a cikin kwantena, mai busassun shafawa, ko ɓangaren da aka murƙushe na hanyar tseren. Sake amfani da lubricant ko toshewar bayyananniya kafin sake farawa. Bayyana duk wani tsayawa da dalili. A lokuta da kebul ya makale, kada kuyi ƙoƙarin motsa shi da ƙarfi; maimakon haka, juyawa a hankali, cire riƙewar janyewar tashin hankali, kuma gwada sake shafawa ko janyewa daga madaidaiciyar hanya idan zai yiwu.
Yin Aiki da Waya ta Cable
Don shigarwa da ke gudana da kebul a cikin kwantena maimakon bututu, fasahar janyewa ta bambanta. Yi amfani da rollers a kowane span na tallafi don rage jujjuyawar kuma hana lalata akan matakai na kwantena. Don dogon tafiyarwa na kwantena, shigar da akwatunan janyewa a cikin matsakaitan ƙafa 200 inda za'a iya sake tura kebul ɗin kuma sake saita ƙarfin. Bundle igiyoyi a sarari tare da madaurin Velcro don kiyaye rabuwa da ba da damar iska don ampacity. Kada ku taɓa jan wayoyi a saman kasan kwantena ba tare da rollers ba; friction zai rage jaket ɗin kuma ƙara ƙarfin janyewa sosai.
Bincike da Gwaje-gwaje Bayan Fitarwa
Bayan an kafa kebul, dubawa ba za a iya tattaunawa ba. Bincika duk aikin don ganin ɓarnar jaket, wuraren da aka murƙushe, ko shaidar jan hankali kamar masu kwantar da hankali. Kula da hankali sosai ga wuraren janyewa da lankwasawa. Yi amfani da megohmmeter FLT: 0 don yin gwajin juriya na rufi.
Takaddun da ke Kula da Tabbatar da Inganci
Bayanai na janyewar, masana'antun kebul da tsari, nau'in lubricant, tashin hankali mai tsayi, sakamakon gwaji suna ba da mahimmin sarkar lissafi. Haɗa waɗannan bayanan don tsara takaddun rufewa. Alamar kowane kebul tare da alamun rage zafi ko alamun alama mai dorewa waɗanda ke nuna ƙayyadaddun kebul da kuma ƙarshen ƙarshen. Wannan takaddun yana taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin kulawa na gaba kuma yana tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodin shigarwa na FLT:0 NECA. Haɗa hotunan ɓangarorin janyewar da suka yi wuya da duk wani aikin gyara da aka ɗauka (misali sake lubrication a akwatin). Waɗannan bayanan suma suna aiki azaman kayan horo mai mahimmanci ga membobin ƙungiyar marasa ƙwarewa.
Yadda Za a Warware Matsaloli Masu Yawa
Ko da tare da shiri mai kyau, lahani na iya faruwa. Alamun abrasion akan jaket sau da yawa suna nuna wani kaifi a gefen ƙofar bututu ko rashin shinge mai kariya. Idan megohmmeter ya nuna ƙarancin juriya, za a iya yin amfani da kebul ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai ko kuma a yi amfani da kebul ɗin lokacin cirewa. A irin waɗannan lokuta, dole ne a yanke ɓangaren da aka shafa kuma a haɗa shi ta amfani da hanyar da aka amince, ko kuma a maye gurbin dukkan kebul ɗin idan lalacewar ta yi yawa. Za a iya rage shigar matsin lamba na bangon gefe ta amfani da manyan layin da kuma shinge masu kyau. Ka kiyaye rikodin matsalolin da suka faru da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya magance su don inganta janyewar gaba.
Kuskuren da Mutane Suka Yi Kuma Yadda Za Mu Guje Su
Ko da ma'aikatan da suka ƙware sun fada cikin tarkon da za a iya hangowa. Rashin ƙimar jan hankali yana haifar da ƙananan ƙarancin winciki da igiyoyi waɗanda ke tsagewa a tsakiyar jan hankali. Koyaushe ƙara ƙimar aminci 50% ga ƙimar da aka ƙidaya. Wani kuskuren da ke jan hankali yana da sauri sosai: saurin sama da ƙafa 30 a minti ɗaya don manyan igiyoyi yana ƙara haɗarin haɗarin haɓakar zafi da yin taɓawa. Na uku yana kasa sake shafawa a wuraren tsaka-tsaki, wanda ke ba da damar jujjuya jujjuya. A ƙarshe, watsi da tafiya a duk hanyar kafin jan hankali yana nufin rasa bututun da aka murƙushe ta wata sana'a. Yi rajistar kafin janyewa wani abu mai rijista da aka sanya hannu ta shugaban janyewa da jami'in tsaro.
Ƙarshen
Tattara waya a cikin gine-ginen kasuwanci horo ne wanda ke ba da lada ga tsauraran tsare-tsare, aiwatarwa mai kyau, da kuma kammalawa. Ta hanyar saka lokaci a cikin kimantawa na rukunin kafin cirewa, lissafin tashin hankali na gaskiya, zaɓar da gwada kayan aiki, da kuma kula da sadarwa mai kyau, ƙungiyoyi na iya kauce wa sake aiki mai tsada da abubuwan haɗari na aminci. Kowane cirewa gwaji ne na zahiri na duk sarkar shigarwaamma tare da tsari mai kyau, ya zama mai yiwuwa, mai sarrafawa mataki a cikin gina ingantaccen tsarin lantarki.